MODIFIED ASA STYLE SHEET FOR RESEARCH PAPERS

• I. Reference Format - All source references are to be identified at the appropriate point in the text of the paper by: Last name of author, date of publication, and pagination where necessary. All subsequent references to the same source are to be indicated in the same manner rather than by the use of ibid, op cit, loc cit, etc. Examples follow:

A. If the author's name appears in the text of your paper, follow it with (date of publication and pagination. "As Duncan (1974:322) has noted..."

B. If the author's name does not appear in the sentence, insert in parentheses the author's name, date, pagination. "It has been noted (Duncan, 1974:322)..."

C. If pagination is unnecessary, e.g., situations where you are referring to an entire work, simply use the author's name and date of publication. "The standard work in the field is Duncan (1974)."

D. In cases of dual authorship, give both last names; for more than two authors, give the first name and et al. If dual authors have same last name, distinguish by using initial of name. For example, (Duncan and Featherman, 1983:123); (Duncan, et al, (347); (C.Robinson and B. Robinson, 1987:200).

E. In cases of institutional authorship, supply minimum identification from the beginning of the complete citation. "...(U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980:236).

F. Separate a series of references with semicolons and enclose all of them within a single set of parentheses. "... (Burgess,1966:22; Marwell, 1972:58; Cohen et al, 1981:422)...

II. Bibliography Format - List all sources by author and year of publication in an appendix entitles "References." The reference appendix must be complete and must include all references in the text. The use of et al (see I:D above) is not permissible in the reference appendix; list the names of all authors.

A. If there is more than one reference by the same author, they are to be distinguished by date of publication. If the date of publication is the same, distinguish by use of the letters, a. b. etc., added to the year.

B. Give publisher's name in as brief a form as is fully intelligible. For example, John A. Wiley and Sons, should be simply "Wiley."

C. If the material is unpublished, simply use "unpublished." If it is to be published, use "forthcoming" and the name of the publication in which it is to appear.

D. Do not underline titles; use no abbreviations.

E. Examples:

Books: Larson, Calvin J and Stan R. Nikke. Urban Problems. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1979.

Periodicals: Merton, Robert K. "The ambivalence of scientists." Bulletin of the John Hopkins Hospital, (1964) 16, 112:77-97.

_____________"Resistance to the systematic study of multiple discoveries in science." European Journal of Sociology 4:237-282.

Collections: Davie, M."The pattern of urban growth." in G. Murdock (ed.), Studies in the Science of Society. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1938:133-152.

• Footnotes.
• Footnotes are optional in this style sheet and would be used only of the author wishes to provide a critical note without including it in the paper.
• Examples:

¹ Though not directly related to this paper, the reader might wish to read....

² The reader should be aware that the popular use of the word "culture" differs from the sociological and anthropological application employed here

³ The author is aware that significant differences of interpretation exist among scholars on this issue. This debate lies outside the scope of this paper. The interested reader might wish to consult the work of...