Course Descriptions

BIOL 1000 - Introduction to the Biology Major
1 credit hour

Required for all Biology majors. Development of skill sets essential for success in the Biology major. Topics include the understanding of departmental and university resources and expectations, development of personalized academic plans, and development of skills for professional interactions.

BIOL 1030 - Exploring Life
4 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 1031. Designed for non-majors. Offers understanding, experiences, and skills related to common biological issues. Includes class discussions, small group activities, lectures, selected readings, and laboratory investigations. Students earning an A in BIOL 1030/1031 and wishing to declare a major or minor in Biology may substitute BIOL 1030/BIOL 1031 for BIOL 1110/BIOL 1111 toward meeting the requirement for the major or minor. Three hours lecture and one two-hour laboratory.

BIOL 1031 - Exploring Life Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 1030.

BIOL 1110 - General Biology I
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: MATH 1710 with C- or better of MATH ACT of 19 or higher. Corequisite: BIOL 1111. Primarily for Biology majors and minors and other science-oriented students. Biological principles and processes, including introduction to the nature of science, cells (structure, function, metabolism, division), genetics, evolution, viruses, bacteria, protists, and fungi. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory. While BIOL 1110 can be used to fulfill half the 8-hour General Education requirement for Natural Sciences, it is the first semester of a two-semester sequence primarily designed for science majors. TBR Common Course: BIOL 1110

BIOL 1111 - General Biology I Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 1110. TBR Common Course: BIOL 1111

BIOL 1120 - General Biology II
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 1110/BIOL 1111. Corequisite: BIOL 1121. Primarily for Biology majors and minors and other science-oriented students. Survey of plants and animals emphasizing evolution, structure, function, reproduction, growth, and ecology. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory. TBR Common Course: BIOL 1120

BIOL 1121 - General Biology II Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 1120. TBR Common Course: BIOL 1121

BIOL 2000 - Orientation to the Medical Lab
2 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 2001. Open to anyone in medical and allied medical careers, but may not be taken as part of Biology major. Survey of medical lab careers, curricula, and affiliated laboratory programs; experience in medical laboratory testing procedures. One hour lecture and one two-hour laboratory.

BIOL 2001 - Orientation to the Medical Lab Field Experience Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 2000.

BIOL 2010 - Human Anatomy and Physiology I
4 credit hours

Completion of  BIOL 1030 and  BIOL 1031 or a grade of C or better in high school chemistry and biology within the last five years is strongly recommended. Corequisite:  BIOL 2011 . Meets requirements for many pre-health professional programs including nursing. Structure and function of the cell, integumentary, skeletal, muscle, and nervous systems. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.  

BIOL 2011 - Human Anatomy and Physiology I Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 2010.

BIOL 2020 - Human Anatomy and Physiology II
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 2010/BIOL 2011. Corequisite: BIOL 2021. Meets requirements for many pre-health professional programs including nursing. Structure and function of endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems. Biology majors passing both BIOL 2010/BIOL 2111 and BIOL 2020/BIOL 2021 with a C or better may substitute both courses for BIOL 3020. However, the substitution is not recommended for pre-med students and does not count for upper-division hours. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 2021 - Human Anatomy and Physiology II Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 2020.

BIOL 2030 - Anatomy and Physiology
3 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 1030/BIOL 1031 or BIOL 1110/BIOL 1111. Corequisite: BIOL 2031. General structure and physiological activities of human systems. Two hours lecture and one two-hour laboratory.

BIOL 2031 - Anatomy and Physiology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 2030.

BIOL 2100 - Microbiology in Disease
3 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 2010/BIOL 2011 and BIOL 2020/BIOL 2021 with grades of C (2.0) or better. Corequisite: BIOL 2101. Fundamentals of the role of microorganisms responsible for disease in humans. Does not apply toward a major or minor in Biology. Two hours lecture and one two-hour laboratory per week.

BIOL 2101 - Microbiology in Disease Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 2100.

BIOL 2230 - Microbiology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 1110/BIOL 1111 and BIOL 1120/BIOL 1121 or BIOL 2010/BIOL 2011 and BIOL 2020/BIOL 2021. Concepts and techniques pertaining to the morphology, physiology, reproduction, isolation, cultivation and identification of microorganisms with particular emphasis on bacteria. Topics include the impact of microorganisms in our daily lives, both adverse and beneficial. Background in General Chemistry is strongly recommended. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 2231 - Microbiology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 2230.

BIOL 3000 - Life Science for Elementary Teachers
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: 8 hours of science including BIOL 1030/BIOL 1031 or equivalent. A process-oriented approach to the study of life with emphasis on execution and analysis of activities and experiments suited to the elementary school classroom. Six hours lecture and laboratory. (May not be used for Biology majors or minors.)

BIOL 3010 - Embryology
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 3011. Early development of the frog, chick, pig, and human. Living material, whole mounts, and serial sections are used for studying cleavage, germ layer formation, histogenesis, and organogenesis. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 3011 - Embryology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 3010.

BIOL 3020 - Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 3021. Vertebrate morphology and the development and function of systems and organs. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 3021 - Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 3020.

BIOL 3040 - Entomology
3 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Morphology, classification, evolution, life histories, and economic importance of insects. Five hours of lecture and laboratory.

BIOL 3050 - Parasitology
3 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 3051. Life histories, host-parasite relationships, and control measures of the more common parasites of humans and domesticated animals. Two hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 3050 - Parasitology
3 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 3051. Life histories, host-parasite relationships, and control measures of the more common parasites of humans and domesticated animals. Two hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 3051 - Parasitology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 3050.

BIOL 3051 - Parasitology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 3050.

BIOL 3060 - Diversity of Eukaryotic Life
2 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 1110/BIOL 1111; corequisite: BIOL 3061. Survey of the major evolutionary lineages of eukaryotic organisms. Specifically, the evolution, diversity, ecological and societal roles of autotrophic protists, heterotrophic protists, fungi, plants and animals discussed. Two hours lecture.

BIOL 3060 - Diversity of Eukaryotic Life
2 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 1110/BIOL 1111; corequisite: BIOL 3061. Survey of the major evolutionary lineages of eukaryotic organisms. Specifically, the evolution, diversity, ecological and societal roles of autotrophic protists, heterotrophic protists, fungi, plants and animals discussed. Two hours lecture.

BIOL 3061 - Diversity of Eukaryotic Life Lab
1 credit hour

Corequisite: BIOL 3060. Students study representative organisms from each lineage and sub-lineage and the key structures that are used to delineate the major lineages and sub-lineages.

BIOL 3061 - Diversity of Eukaryotic Life Lab
1 credit hour

Corequisite: BIOL 3060. Students study representative organisms from each lineage and sub-lineage and the key structures that are used to delineate the major lineages and sub-lineages.

BIOL 3150 - Radiation Biology
3 credit hours

Prerequisites: PHYS 2010/PHYS 2011 and PHYS 2020/PHYS 2021. Types and properties of ionizing radiation, isotopes and tracer study techniques, and the biological effects of ionizing radiations on living things. Restricted to students in the Allied Health Technology program.

BIOL 3150 - Radiation Biology
3 credit hours

Prerequisites: PHYS 2010/PHYS 2011 and PHYS 2020/PHYS 2021. Types and properties of ionizing radiation, isotopes and tracer study techniques, and the biological effects of ionizing radiations on living things. Restricted to students in the Allied Health Technology program.

BIOL 3200 - Internship in Biology
2 to 4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251; permission of department. Practical experience for students in a professional setting.

BIOL 3200 - Internship in Biology
2 to 4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251; permission of department. Practical experience for students in a professional setting.

BIOL 3210 - Environmental Microbiology
3 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231  and BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 3211. Deals with microorganisms commonly found in air, water, and soil. Two hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 3210 - Environmental Microbiology
3 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231  and BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 3211. Deals with microorganisms commonly found in air, water, and soil. Two hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 3211 - Environmental Microbiology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 3210.

BIOL 3211 - Environmental Microbiology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 3210.

BIOL 3250 - Genetics
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 1110/BIOL 1111 and  BIOL 1120/BIOL 1121. Corequisite: BIOL 3251. An introductory course in genetics. Surveys and explores the sub-disciplines of genetics, including classical, molecular, and evolutionary genetics. Emphasis on the experiments, techniques, and theories forming the foundation of modern genetic research and its applications. Three hours lecture and one two-hour laboratory.

BIOL 3250 - Genetics
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 1110/BIOL 1111 and  BIOL 1120/BIOL 1121. Corequisite: BIOL 3251. An introductory course in genetics. Surveys and explores the sub-disciplines of genetics, including classical, molecular, and evolutionary genetics. Emphasis on the experiments, techniques, and theories forming the foundation of modern genetic research and its applications. Three hours lecture and one two-hour laboratory.

BIOL 3251 - Genetics Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 3250.

BIOL 3251 - Genetics Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 3250.

BIOL 3340 - Human Pathophysiology
3 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231 and (BIOL 2010/BIOL 2011, BIOL 2020/BIOL 2021) or BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Basic mechanisms of disease processes and their role in disrupting normal physiology. Three hours lecture.

BIOL 3340 - Human Pathophysiology
3 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231 and (BIOL 2010/BIOL 2011, BIOL 2020/BIOL 2021) or BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Basic mechanisms of disease processes and their role in disrupting normal physiology. Three hours lecture.

BIOL 3350 - Principles of Radiation in Medicine
3 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 3150, PHYS 2010/PHYS 2011 and PHYS 2020/PHYS 2021. Basic concepts and theories of radiation physics. Detailed analysis of the structure of matter, properties of radiation, nuclear transformations, x-ray production, and interactions of ionizing radiation emphasized. Treatment units used in external radiation therapy, measurement and quality of ionizing radiation produced, absorbed dose measurement, dose distribution, and scatter analysis presented. Restricted to students in the Allied Health Technology Program.

BIOL 3350 - Principles of Radiation in Medicine
3 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 3150, PHYS 2010/PHYS 2011 and PHYS 2020/PHYS 2021. Basic concepts and theories of radiation physics. Detailed analysis of the structure of matter, properties of radiation, nuclear transformations, x-ray production, and interactions of ionizing radiation emphasized. Treatment units used in external radiation therapy, measurement and quality of ionizing radiation produced, absorbed dose measurement, dose distribution, and scatter analysis presented. Restricted to students in the Allied Health Technology Program.

BIOL 3400 - General Ecology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 1110/BIOL 1111 and BIOL 1120/BIOL 1121. Corequisite: BIOL 3401. Basic concepts of the ecosystem and community aquatic and terrestrial habitats and population ecology; complemented by field and laboratory activities. Three hours lecture and one-three hour laboratory.

BIOL 3400 - General Ecology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 1110/BIOL 1111 and BIOL 1120/BIOL 1121. Corequisite: BIOL 3401. Basic concepts of the ecosystem and community aquatic and terrestrial habitats and population ecology; complemented by field and laboratory activities. Three hours lecture and one-three hour laboratory.

BIOL 3401 - General Ecology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 3400.

BIOL 3401 - General Ecology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 3400.

BIOL 3500 - Evolution
3 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Evolutionary biology for majors. Topics include history of evolutionary thinking, mechanisms of evolution, basic quantitative and population genetics, life-history theory, evolution of sex, correlated responses to selection, speciation, macroevolution, molecular evolution, fossil record and geologic time scale, phylogenic inference, and the emergence of life. Three hours lecture.  

BIOL 3500 - Evolution
3 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Evolutionary biology for majors. Topics include history of evolutionary thinking, mechanisms of evolution, basic quantitative and population genetics, life-history theory, evolution of sex, correlated responses to selection, speciation, macroevolution, molecular evolution, fossil record and geologic time scale, phylogenic inference, and the emergence of life. Three hours lecture.  

BIOL 3890 - Biology Instruction Internship
1 credit hour

Prerequisites: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251, successful completion of target courses, and permission of instructor. A course to refine thinking, communication, and interpersonal skills through exposure to on-the-spot technical questions and a laboratory teaching experience as an assistant in a biology laboratory. Credits will not count toward a major or minor in Biology. May be repeated for up to three credits.

BIOL 3890 - Biology Instruction Internship
1 credit hour

Prerequisites: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251, successful completion of target courses, and permission of instructor. A course to refine thinking, communication, and interpersonal skills through exposure to on-the-spot technical questions and a laboratory teaching experience as an assistant in a biology laboratory. Credits will not count toward a major or minor in Biology. May be repeated for up to three credits.

BIOL 4070 - Economic Botany
3 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Useful plants which have shaped civilization. Topics include origin of agriculture, fruits and nuts, grains and legumes, vegetables, spices and herbs, oils and waxes, medicinal plants, psychoactive plants. Three hours lecture.

BIOL 4070 - Economic Botany
3 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Useful plants which have shaped civilization. Topics include origin of agriculture, fruits and nuts, grains and legumes, vegetables, spices and herbs, oils and waxes, medicinal plants, psychoactive plants. Three hours lecture.

BIOL 4080 - Mycology
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 4081. Emphasizes taxonomy, morphology, and culture of fungi and their importance to humans. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4080 - Mycology
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 4081. Emphasizes taxonomy, morphology, and culture of fungi and their importance to humans. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4081 - Mycology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4080.

BIOL 4081 - Mycology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4080.

BIOL 4090 - Forest Ecology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251, BIOL 3400, and BIOL 3500 or permission of instructor. Ecological form and function of forested systems with a particular emphasis on communities of the southeastern U.S. and Tennessee. Topics include dendrology, community assembly and disassembly over time, abiotic and biotic drivers of forest community succession, phylogeography and biogeography, and threats and sustainable practices. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4090 - Forest Ecology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251, BIOL 3400, and BIOL 3500 or permission of instructor. Ecological form and function of forested systems with a particular emphasis on communities of the southeastern U.S. and Tennessee. Topics include dendrology, community assembly and disassembly over time, abiotic and biotic drivers of forest community succession, phylogeography and biogeography, and threats and sustainable practices. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4110 - General Physiology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231 and BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251; CHEM 2030/CHEM 2031 or CHEM 3010 /CHEM 3011. Corequisite: BIOL 4111. Physiological and chemical properties of life processes in animals using an organ systems approach. Emphasis on mammalian physiology. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4110 - General Physiology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231 and BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251; CHEM 2030/CHEM 2031 or CHEM 3010 /CHEM 3011. Corequisite: BIOL 4111. Physiological and chemical properties of life processes in animals using an organ systems approach. Emphasis on mammalian physiology. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4111 - General Physiology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4110.

BIOL 4111 - General Physiology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4110.

BIOL 4130 - Histology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251 and CHEM 2030/CHEM 2031 or CHEM 3010/CHEM 3011. Corequisite: BIOL 4131. Microscopic anatomy of vertebrate cells, tissues, and organs. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4130 - Histology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251 and CHEM 2030/CHEM 2031 or CHEM 3010/CHEM 3011. Corequisite: BIOL 4131. Microscopic anatomy of vertebrate cells, tissues, and organs. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4131 - Histology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4130.

BIOL 4131 - Histology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4130.

BIOL 4140 - Invertebrate Zoology
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 4141. Morphology, classification, evolution, life histories, and economic importance of invertebrate phyla. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4140 - Invertebrate Zoology
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 4141. Morphology, classification, evolution, life histories, and economic importance of invertebrate phyla. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4141 - Invertebrate Zoology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4140.

BIOL 4141 - Invertebrate Zoology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4140.

BIOL 4170 - Endocrinology
3 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251, BIOL 4110/BIOL 4111 or BIOL 2020/BIOL 2021; CHEM 2030/CHEM 2031 or CHEM 3010/CHEM 3011. Study of hormones and other chemical messengers including synthesis, secretion, transport, receptors, cellular, and physiological activity. Focus on humans and other vertebrates. Three hours lecture.

BIOL 4170 - Endocrinology
3 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251, BIOL 4110/BIOL 4111 or BIOL 2020/BIOL 2021; CHEM 2030/CHEM 2031 or CHEM 3010/CHEM 3011. Study of hormones and other chemical messengers including synthesis, secretion, transport, receptors, cellular, and physiological activity. Focus on humans and other vertebrates. Three hours lecture.

BIOL 4180 - Vertebrate Zoology
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 4181. Structure, life history, and classification of fish, amphibians, and mammals. Local representatives emphasized. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4180 - Vertebrate Zoology
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 4181. Structure, life history, and classification of fish, amphibians, and mammals. Local representatives emphasized. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4181 - Vertebrate Zoology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4180.

BIOL 4181 - Vertebrate Zoology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4180.

BIOL 4200 - Senior Seminar
1 credit hour

Prerequisites: BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231, BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251, BIOL 3400/BIOL 3401, and  BIOL 3500. Readings and discussions from scientific literature on a particular theme that will incorporate topics in cellular biology, energetics, genetics, molecular and organismal biology, evolution, and ecology, Majors advised to take this course during the semester of graduation.

BIOL 4200 - Senior Seminar
1 credit hour

Prerequisites: BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231, BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251, BIOL 3400/BIOL 3401, and  BIOL 3500. Readings and discussions from scientific literature on a particular theme that will incorporate topics in cellular biology, energetics, genetics, molecular and organismal biology, evolution, and ecology, Majors advised to take this course during the semester of graduation.

BIOL 4210 - Cell and Molecular Biology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251, BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231, and CHEM 2030/CHEM 2031 or CHEM 3010/CHEM 3011. Corequisite: BIOL 4211. Cellular morphology and function. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4210 - Cell and Molecular Biology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251, BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231, and CHEM 2030/CHEM 2031 or CHEM 3010/CHEM 3011. Corequisite: BIOL 4211. Cellular morphology and function. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4211 - Cell and Molecular Biology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4210.

BIOL 4211 - Cell and Molecular Biology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4210.

BIOL 4220 - Ichthyology
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250 BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 4221. The morphology, physiology, taxonomy, and ecology of fishes. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4220 - Ichthyology
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250 BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 4221. The morphology, physiology, taxonomy, and ecology of fishes. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4221 - Ichthyology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4220.

BIOL 4221 - Ichthyology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4220.

BIOL 4260 - Nature Study
3 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Identification of local plants and animals and a consideration of the ecological principles governing them. Four hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4260 - Nature Study
3 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Identification of local plants and animals and a consideration of the ecological principles governing them. Four hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4270 - Transmitting Electron Microscopy
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: Permission of department. Tissue fixation, dehydration, embedding, and thin sectioning for examination and development of micrographs using a Zeiss electron microscope. Seven hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4270 - Transmitting Electron Microscopy
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: Permission of department. Tissue fixation, dehydration, embedding, and thin sectioning for examination and development of micrographs using a Zeiss electron microscope. Seven hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4280 - Undergraduate Research in Biology
1 to 4 credit hours

Prerequisite: Permission of department. Selection, design, and conduction of projects typically allied with an instructor's research program. May be repeated for a total of twelve credits. Only four credits may count toward the Biology major.

BIOL 4280 - Undergraduate Research in Biology
1 to 4 credit hours

Prerequisite: Permission of department. Selection, design, and conduction of projects typically allied with an instructor's research program. May be repeated for a total of twelve credits. Only four credits may count toward the Biology major.

BIOL 4290 - Scanning Electron Microscopy
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: Permission of department. Preparation of biological and non-biological materials for examination and development of micrographs using an ISI electron microscope. Seven hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4290 - Scanning Electron Microscopy
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: Permission of department. Preparation of biological and non-biological materials for examination and development of micrographs using an ISI electron microscope. Seven hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4300 - Immunology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231 and BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 4301. Humoral and cellular mechanisms of immunity. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4300 - Immunology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231 and BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 4301. Humoral and cellular mechanisms of immunity. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4301 - Immunology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4300.

BIOL 4301 - Immunology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4300.

BIOL 4310 - Cardio-Renal Physiology
3 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 4110/BIOL 4111 or BIOL 2020/BIOL 2021, BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251 and (CHEM 2030/CHEM 2031 or CHEM 3010/CHEM 3011). Interdependence of cardiac, hemodynamic, and renal mechanisms in regulating volume status, vascular tones, and cardiac output. Three hours lecture. 

BIOL 4310 - Cardio-Renal Physiology
3 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 4110/BIOL 4111 or BIOL 2020/BIOL 2021, BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251 and (CHEM 2030/CHEM 2031 or CHEM 3010/CHEM 3011). Interdependence of cardiac, hemodynamic, and renal mechanisms in regulating volume status, vascular tones, and cardiac output. Three hours lecture. 

BIOL 4330 - Biome Analysis
1 to 4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 1110/BIOL 1111 and BIOL 1120/BIOL 1121; permission of department; and junior or senior standing. An intensive classroom and on-site study of a specific biome. Special emphasis on data collection and analysis. Consult the department chair for specific credits and costs.

BIOL 4330 - Biome Analysis
1 to 4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 1110/BIOL 1111 and BIOL 1120/BIOL 1121; permission of department; and junior or senior standing. An intensive classroom and on-site study of a specific biome. Special emphasis on data collection and analysis. Consult the department chair for specific credits and costs.

BIOL 4350 - Biometry
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251 and MATH 1910. Corequisite: BIOL 4351. Statistical methods utilized in biological research. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4350 - Biometry
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251 and MATH 1910. Corequisite: BIOL 4351. Statistical methods utilized in biological research. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4351 - Biometry Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4350.

BIOL 4351 - Biometry Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4350.

BIOL 4360 - Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis
1 credit hour

Prerequisite: BIOL 4290. Elemental analysis of materials using an energy dispersive x-ray system with scanning electron microscopy. Three hours laboratory.

BIOL 4360 - Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis
1 credit hour

Prerequisite: BIOL 4290. Elemental analysis of materials using an energy dispersive x-ray system with scanning electron microscopy. Three hours laboratory.

BIOL 4375 - Forensic Taphonomy
3 credit hours

Prerequisites of BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231 and BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251 (or FSBI 3250/FSBI 3251). Taphonomic factors and events related to human decomposition and the role of forensic investigators/scientists in the forensic context. 

BIOL 4375 - Forensic Taphonomy
3 credit hours

Prerequisites of BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231 and BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251 (or FSBI 3250/FSBI 3251). Taphonomic factors and events related to human decomposition and the role of forensic investigators/scientists in the forensic context. 

BIOL 4390 - Ethology
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 4391. Innate and learned animal behavior in primitive and advanced animals including behavior associated with space, reproduction, and food getting. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4390 - Ethology
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 4391. Innate and learned animal behavior in primitive and advanced animals including behavior associated with space, reproduction, and food getting. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4391 - Ethology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4390.

BIOL 4391 - Ethology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4390.

BIOL 4420 - Plant Ecology and Evolution
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 1110/BIOL 1111, BIOL 1120/BIOL 1121, and BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251 (or permission of department). Major themes in the ecology and evolution of plants. Topics include how plants sense, respond, and adapt to their environment, life history, species, and patterns of diversity and abundance of plants. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4420 - Plant Ecology and Evolution
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 1110/BIOL 1111, BIOL 1120/BIOL 1121, and BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251 (or permission of department). Major themes in the ecology and evolution of plants. Topics include how plants sense, respond, and adapt to their environment, life history, species, and patterns of diversity and abundance of plants. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4430 - Diagnostic Microbiology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231 and BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Microorganisms that cause disease in humans and other animals, their isolation and identification, mechanisms of disease causation, and methods of control. Six hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4430 - Diagnostic Microbiology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231 and BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Microorganisms that cause disease in humans and other animals, their isolation and identification, mechanisms of disease causation, and methods of control. Six hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4440 - General Virology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231 and BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251; CHEM 1110/CHEM 1111 and CHEM 1120/CHEM 1121. Viruses, with emphasis on their clinical importance and impact on biotechnology. Six hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4440 - General Virology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231 and BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251; CHEM 1110/CHEM 1111 and CHEM 1120/CHEM 1121. Viruses, with emphasis on their clinical importance and impact on biotechnology. Six hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4450 - Molecular Genetics
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231, BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251; CHEM 1110/CHEM 1111, CHEM 1120/CHEM 1121. Basic techniques of microbial genetics and gene manipulation with emphasis on the application of molecular genetics in basic and applied research. Six hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4450 - Molecular Genetics
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231, BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251; CHEM 1110/CHEM 1111, CHEM 1120/CHEM 1121. Basic techniques of microbial genetics and gene manipulation with emphasis on the application of molecular genetics in basic and applied research. Six hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4460 - Human Genetics
3 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 4461. Application of the fundamental laws of inheritance to humans. Two hours lecture and one two-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4460 - Human Genetics
3 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 4461. Application of the fundamental laws of inheritance to humans. Two hours lecture and one two-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4461 - Human Genetics Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4460.

BIOL 4461 - Human Genetics Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4460.

BIOL 4500 - Plant Physiology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251 and CHEM 2030/CHEM 2031 or CHEM 3010/CHEM 3011. Plant growth, development, and metabolism at the cellular and whole plant levels. Three hours lecture and three hours laboratory.

BIOL 4500 - Plant Physiology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251 and CHEM 2030/CHEM 2031 or CHEM 3010/CHEM 3011. Plant growth, development, and metabolism at the cellular and whole plant levels. Three hours lecture and three hours laboratory.

BIOL 4510 - Food and Industrial Microbiology
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231. Corequisite: BIOL 4511. Interaction between microorganisms and food; industrial processes of importance to humans. Six hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4510 - Food and Industrial Microbiology
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231. Corequisite: BIOL 4511. Interaction between microorganisms and food; industrial processes of importance to humans. Six hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4511 - Food and Industrial Microbiology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4510.

BIOL 4511 - Food and Industrial Microbiology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4510.

BIOL 4540 - Topics in Environmental Education
1 to 4 credit hours

Prerequisites:Junior standing or above and permission of department.  An intensive classroom and field study of natural science and resources in Tennessee. Special emphasis on data collection, analysis, and problem solving. Target groups are upper-division students in biology and education. Consult the department chair for specific credits and costs. THIS COURSE DOES NOT APPLY TO THE BIOLOGY MAJOR OR MINOR.

BIOL 4540 - Topics in Environmental Education
1 to 4 credit hours

Prerequisites:Junior standing or above and permission of department.  An intensive classroom and field study of natural science and resources in Tennessee. Special emphasis on data collection, analysis, and problem solving. Target groups are upper-division students in biology and education. Consult the department chair for specific credits and costs. THIS COURSE DOES NOT APPLY TO THE BIOLOGY MAJOR OR MINOR.

BIOL 4550 - Biotechnology
3 credit hours

Prerequisites:BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231 and BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Instruction in both theory and application of current research methodologies in biology and molecular biology. Topics include immunochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, restriction enzyme analysis, and electrophoresis. Five hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4550 - Biotechnology
3 credit hours

Prerequisites:BIOL 2230/BIOL 2231 and BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Instruction in both theory and application of current research methodologies in biology and molecular biology. Topics include immunochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, restriction enzyme analysis, and electrophoresis. Five hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4560 - Neurobiology
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 4561. Introduces comparative neurobiology. Topics include the basic structure and function of the nerve cell and organization of nervous systems of representative species of invertebrate and vertebrate animals. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4560 - Neurobiology
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Corequisite: BIOL 4561. Introduces comparative neurobiology. Topics include the basic structure and function of the nerve cell and organization of nervous systems of representative species of invertebrate and vertebrate animals. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4561 - Neurobiology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4560.

BIOL 4561 - Neurobiology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4560.

BIOL 4570 - Principles of Toxicology
3 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 1110/BIOL 1111, BIOL 1120/BIOL 1121,  CHEM 1110/CHEM 1111, CHEM 1120/CHEM 1121, and CHEM 3010/CHEM 3011. Corequisite: BIOL 4571. Study of adverse effects of chemical agents on living organisms; current toxicological techniques used in the laboratory. Three hours lecture and three hours laboratory.

BIOL 4570 - Principles of Toxicology
3 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 1110/BIOL 1111, BIOL 1120/BIOL 1121,  CHEM 1110/CHEM 1111, CHEM 1120/CHEM 1121, and CHEM 3010/CHEM 3011. Corequisite: BIOL 4571. Study of adverse effects of chemical agents on living organisms; current toxicological techniques used in the laboratory. Three hours lecture and three hours laboratory.

BIOL 4571 - Principles of Toxicology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4570.

BIOL 4571 - Principles of Toxicology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4570.

BIOL 4580 - Marine Biology
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250 BIOL 3251, CHEM 1110/CHEM 1111, and CHEM 1120/CHEM 1121. Corequisite: BIOL 4581. Introduction to the biological, chemical, and physical characteristics of major marine environments and their associated flora and fauna. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4580 - Marine Biology
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250 BIOL 3251, CHEM 1110/CHEM 1111, and CHEM 1120/CHEM 1121. Corequisite: BIOL 4581. Introduction to the biological, chemical, and physical characteristics of major marine environments and their associated flora and fauna. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory.

BIOL 4581 - Marine Biology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4580.

BIOL 4581 - Marine Biology Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4580.

BIOL 4590 - Principles of Environmental Toxicology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 1110/BIOL 1111, BIOL 1120/BIOL 1121, CHEM 1110/CHEM 1111, CHEM 1120/CHEM 1121, and CHEM 3010/CHEM 3011. Ecological effects of chemicals in the environment and techniques currently utilized to assess these effects. Lab includes current environmental assessment techniques, including biomonitoring. Six hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4590 - Principles of Environmental Toxicology
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 1110/BIOL 1111, BIOL 1120/BIOL 1121, CHEM 1110/CHEM 1111, CHEM 1120/CHEM 1121, and CHEM 3010/CHEM 3011. Ecological effects of chemicals in the environment and techniques currently utilized to assess these effects. Lab includes current environmental assessment techniques, including biomonitoring. Six hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4720 - Animal Development
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251; BIOL 4210 recommended. Corequisite: BIOL 4721. Processes and underlying molecular mechanisms by which a single fertilized egg develops into an adult organism, focusing on vertebrate development, but including insights gained from other model organisms. Three hours lecture and two hours lab.

BIOL 4720 - Animal Development
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251; BIOL 4210 recommended. Corequisite: BIOL 4721. Processes and underlying molecular mechanisms by which a single fertilized egg develops into an adult organism, focusing on vertebrate development, but including insights gained from other model organisms. Three hours lecture and two hours lab.

BIOL 4721 - Animal Development Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4720.

BIOL 4721 - Animal Development Lab
0 credit hours

Corequisite: BIOL 4720.

BIOL 4730 - Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251; CHEM 1110/CHEM 1111, CHEM 1120/CHEM 1121, and CHEM 2030/CHEM 2031 or CHEM 3010/CHEM 3011. Survey of the physiology and biochemistry of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Six hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4730 - Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry
4 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251; CHEM 1110/CHEM 1111, CHEM 1120/CHEM 1121, and CHEM 2030/CHEM 2031 or CHEM 3010/CHEM 3011. Survey of the physiology and biochemistry of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Six hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4740 - Research Methods
3 credit hours

(Same as ABAS/CHEM/GEOL/PHYS/MATH 4740.) Prerequisites: YOED 3520 and BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Provides secondary science and mathematics teacher candidates with the tools that scientists use to solve scientific problems. Students will use these tools in a laboratory setting, communicate findings, and understand how scientists develop new knowledge.

BIOL 4740 - Research Methods
3 credit hours

(Same as ABAS/CHEM/GEOL/PHYS/MATH 4740.) Prerequisites: YOED 3520 and BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Provides secondary science and mathematics teacher candidates with the tools that scientists use to solve scientific problems. Students will use these tools in a laboratory setting, communicate findings, and understand how scientists develop new knowledge.

BIOL 4750 - Plant Biotechnology
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Processes and reasoning behind the human manipulation of plant species for agricultural and technological purposes. Topics include traditional breeding techniques, tissue culture, plant cell transformation, and general plant molecular biology techniques as well as current debate over genetically modified organisms. Six hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4750 - Plant Biotechnology
4 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251. Processes and reasoning behind the human manipulation of plant species for agricultural and technological purposes. Topics include traditional breeding techniques, tissue culture, plant cell transformation, and general plant molecular biology techniques as well as current debate over genetically modified organisms. Six hours lecture/laboratory.

BIOL 4760 - Introduction to Bioinformatics
3 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251 and CSCI 1170 or consent of instructor. Application of computer science to biological questions. Specifically applies to the computational aspects of data gathering, processing, storage, analysis, and visualization methods for use in revising and testing biological hypotheses. Students should have a strong background in either computer science or biology, be willing to learn about the other field in an accelerated fashion, and be willing to work cooperatively as part of an interdisciplinary team. Four hours of lecture/problem-solving per week.

BIOL 4760 - Introduction to Bioinformatics
3 credit hours

Prerequisites: BIOL 3250/BIOL 3251 and CSCI 1170 or consent of instructor. Application of computer science to biological questions. Specifically applies to the computational aspects of data gathering, processing, storage, analysis, and visualization methods for use in revising and testing biological hypotheses. Students should have a strong background in either computer science or biology, be willing to learn about the other field in an accelerated fashion, and be willing to work cooperatively as part of an interdisciplinary team. Four hours of lecture/problem-solving per week.

BIOL 4770 - Biostatistical Programming
3 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 4350/BIOL 4351 or equivalent; access to Mac or PC laptop must be confirmed. Takes a ground-up approach to teaching the fundamentals of biostatistical analysis using R programming language and RStudio. 

BIOL 4770 - Biostatistical Programming
3 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 4350/BIOL 4351 or equivalent; access to Mac or PC laptop must be confirmed. Takes a ground-up approach to teaching the fundamentals of biostatistical analysis using R programming language and RStudio. 

BIOL 4770 - Biostatistical Programming
3 credit hours

Prerequisite: BIOL 4350/BIOL 4351 or equivalent; access to Mac or PC laptop must be confirmed. Takes a ground-up approach to teaching the fundamentals of biostatistical analysis using R programming language and RStudio.