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Written by John R. Vile, published on January 1, 2009 , last updated on February 18, 2024

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The Chicago Seven defendants hold a news conference in Chicago, Ill., during their 1969 trial on charges of conspiracy to riot at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. From left, standing, are: Abbie Hoffman, John Froines, Lee Weiner, Dave Dellinger, Rennie Davis and Tom Hayden. Seated is defendant Jerry Rubin, with his girlfriend, Nancy Kurshan, who was not part of the trial. (AP Photo, Reprinted with permission from The Associated Press)

Of all the trials that emerged from the turbulent period of protest surrounding the Vietnam War, probably none received more attention than the 1969 trial of the Chicago Seven by federal district court judge Julius Hoffman.

 

Anti-war demonstrators arrested during 1968 Democratic convention

 

The trial flowed from a series of demonstrations that had taken place in Chicago in conjunction with the Democratic National Convention held there in 1968. Mayor Richard Daley had hoped to use the convention to showcase his city, but anti-war protestors had a different idea.

 

On several successive nights, they defied a curfew in city parks, sparking confrontations with local police, who many observers believed were just as responsible for the rioting as the demonstrators. The confrontations distracted attention from events at the convention itself.

 

A grand jury initially indicted Rennie Davis, David Dellinger, John Froines, Tom Hayden, Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, Bobby Seale, and Lee Weiner. Most of them were affiliated with the National Mobilization to End the War in Vietnam (MOBE) or with the Youth International Party, whose members were known as the Yippies.

 

Bobby Seale, who was bound and gagged by the judge for his courtroom antics, was later separated from the case and jailed for contempt, thus leaving only seven defendants.

 

Prominent Americans argued Anti-Riot Act threatened First Amendment freedoms

 

Although the seven might better have been tried under municipal breach of the peace statutes, the Nixon administration decided instead to use the Anti-Riot Act, a provision tacked on to the Civil Rights Act of 1968. (It had been adopted in part in response to the riots that followed the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.)

 

The riot act criminalized interstate travel to commit a number of “overt acts,” including “(A) to incite a riot; or (B) to organize, promote, encourage, participate in, or carry on a riot; or (C) to commit any act of violence in furtherance of a riot; or (D) to aid or abet any person in inciting or participating in or carrying on a riot or committing any act of violence in furtherance of a riot.”

 

A number of prominent Americans — including Noam Chomsky, Harvey Cox, Nat Hentoff, Christopher Lasch, Norman Mailer, and Benjamin Spock, dubbing themselves The Committee to Defend the Conspiracy — placed an advertisement in the New York Review of Books, arguing that the law threatened the First Amendment by “equating organized political protest with organized violence.” The committee observed that prosecutors made little attempt to distinguish the defendants who had advocated violence from those who had favored peaceful protests.

 

5 of Chicago Seven convicted of intent to incite a riot

 

In court, the defendants, represented by civil liberties attorneys William Kunstler and Leonard Weinglass, continued the political theater in which they had engaged during the convention, provoking Judge Hoffman, already openly biased, to react with open animosity against them.

 

The jury ultimately dismissed conspiracy charges but convicted five of the defendants with the intent to incite a riot.

 

Of even more controversy, Hoffman sentenced the defendants’ attorneys and the defendants for contempt of court as well.

 

Federal appeals court voided convictions

 

The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals voided the incitement convictions on the basis that the judge had improperly limited the voir dire of the jurors, had expressed open bias against the defendants, and had bugged the phones of the defendants’ counsel. It voided the contempt citations on the ground that they required jury trials.

 

John Vile is professor of political science and dean of the Honors College at Middle Tennessee State University. He is co-editor of the Encyclopedia of the First Amendment. This article was originally published in 2009.

 

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